Akukho izilwane ezinombambo ngaphakathi, kodwa zibalwe ngumbambo waphandle (exoskeleton) owavikela izitho zokuphefumula ezinaphakathi.
Kunezilwane ezinazo izimbambo?
Zonke izilwane zinezinyawo ezintathu, izigaba ezintathu zomzimba, izinhlamvu kanye nombambo waphandle. Izilwane azinombambo. Nokho, zinezicubu ezinzima ezibizwa ngokuthi ziyi-exoskeleton.
Ingabe izilwane zizwa ubuhlungu?
Ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-15 edlule, abafundi bathola ukuthi izilwane, nezinyoni zezithelo ngokukhethekile, zizwa okufanayo nokubuhlungu okukhulu obubizwa ngokuthi “nociception.” Uma zihlangabezana nokushisa okukhulu, ukubanda noma izinto ezibonakalayo ezibuhlungu, ziphenduka, ngendlela efanayo neyokuthi abantu baphenduke ngenxa yobuhlungu.
Ingabe zininzi izilwane ezinazo izimbambo?
Izilwane zinezinyawo ezintathu kanye nezinhlamvu ezimbili, nomzimba wazo uhlukaniswa ezindaweni ezintathu ezinkulu: ikhanda, ithorakhi, nesisu. Zinezicubu ezinzima ezibizwa ngokuthi ziyi-exoskeleton ezifaka izitho zokuzwa ukukhanya, umsindo, ukushisa, ukucindezelwa kwemoja, nenuka.
Ingabe izicucu zinezimbambo?
Izicucu azinombambo ngaphakathi kwemizimba yazo. Zinezicubu ezinzima ngaphandle ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-‘exoskeleton’. Ngenxa yokuba zinzima, azikwazi ukukhula ngezicucu. Ngakho-ke izicucu ezincane kumele zicwebezele, noma zilahle umbambo wazo waphandle.
Exoskeletons
Ingabe izinyoni zobukhwebezane zinamathambo?
Ingabe izinyoni zobukhwebezane zinamathambo, izinhlamvu, nangokwesikhumba njengathi? Isiqu samathambo sezinyoni zobukhwebezane sasengaphakathi kwemzimba, kodwa ngaphandle futhi kuthiwa yisiqukubonakude. Sengathi kunesikhumba esenziwe ngamathambo. Zinezinhlamvu njengathi, futhi ngakho zihamba.
Ingabe izinyoni zezicucu zilala?
Njengazo zonke izilwane, izinyoni zezicucu zinezikhathi zokuphumula. Lezi zikhathi zokuphumula ezivela ngaphakathi zivumela isicucu ukuthi lapho kufanele kuphumule. Njengazo zonke izilwane, ezinye izicucu zilala ebusuku noma ngezinsuku. “Zonke zihamba ngokuphumula okufanayo.
Ingabe izinambuzane zinengazi?
Yebo, izinambuzane zinengazi, kodwa ayifani nenkazi yabantu. Igazi labantu lisetshenziswa ukuthi lithathe umoya ezigazini zethu futhi libomvu ngenxa yehemoglobin kulo. Kwezinambuzane, igazi lisetshenziswa ukuthi lithathe izinto ezigcwele emzimbeni wazo, kodwa hhayi umoya.
Ingabe izinambuzane zihamba kanjani ngaphandle kwamathambo?
Emuntwini, izinhlamvu zethu zihlanganiswa namathambo ngenxa yesicubu esithi tendons, kodwa kwezarthropods, izinhlamvu zazo zihlanganiswa ngamahukisi encane phakathi kwesiqukubonakude. Nokho, izinambuzane zihamba njengathi: ngokusinyathela nokupholisa izinhlamvu zazo.
Obani abanesithupha samathambo?
Izinyoni zobukhwebezane ziyizinambuzane ezinesithupha samathambo namaphiko amabala. Q. Omunye umqondo omkhulu waleli qembu lezilwane ukuthi banesithathu samathambo.
Ingabe izinambuzane ziyahlupheka uma uzihlaba?
Njengoba abafundi bezinambuzane bakholwa, izinambuzane azinazo izitho zobuhlungu njengoba izidalwa ezinemisila zinazo. Aziwukwazi ‘ubuhlungu,’ kodwa zingakwazi ukuzwa ukunyanyalala futhi zingakwazi ukuzwa uma ziyaphathwa. Noma kunjalo, azikwazi ukwesaba ngoba azinazo izinhliziyo.
Ingabe izinambuzane zizwa ukukhathazeka?
“Nawo amakhula nje ayaqondisa ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba, ukhwele nezithandani, ngokuhlanganisa kwawo.”
Ingabe izinambuzane zizwa ubuhlungu uma uzihlaba?
Abafundi bawubheka ukuthi izinambuzane ziyajabula kanjani emva kokuphathwa, futhi bafike esiphethweni sokuthi kukhona amathuba okuthi zizwe okufana nokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuhlungu kubantu.
Ingabe inambuzane inenhlanzi?
Yebo, izinambuzane zinazo izinhliziyo ezihlola i-hemolymph emkhakheni wazo wokuhamba kwegazi. Nakuba lezi zinhliziyo zihlukile kakhulu kwezinhliziyo zezidalwa ezinemisila, ezinye izitho ezihola ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhliziyo ezimbili ziqondene kakhulu.
Ingabe izinambuzane zinamabhande?
Amabhande amancane ezinambuzane, ngokwesilinganiso, anezinkambu ezingama-200,000 kanye nezinye izicelo, bathi. Ngokulinganisa, ubuchopho bomuntu bunama-neurons angu-86 billion, futhi ubuchopho bokukhula bunezinkambu ezingu-12 billion. Inani lokhu kungenzeka lokhu kube yinkomba yokuthi kudingeka kube nezinkambu eziningi ukwenza imisebenzi yazo ephindwe kakhulu.
Ingabe izinambuzane zinezinzwa?
Inhliziyo yenambuzane ifinyelela ubude be-1 mm futhi iguqulela phezulu kwesigqoko se- abdomen, futhi igcina inani lezivalo zokungena. Ekugcineni kwesigaba se-abdomen, eduze kwesibonda senambuzane, inhliziyo iqonda futhi yabamba iqala ukuba yi-aorta, eya ngaphakathi kwesithwathwa senambuzane futhi iqala ekuqaleni kwentloko.
Ingabe izinambuzane zinezindlela zokuzizwa?
Zingaba zithembeke, zibe ngokungathembekeki, noma zikwesabise, futhi ziphendukele kubuhlungu njengoba esinye isilwane sengamazinyo angezansi. Noma kunoma ubani okwakheke ukuthi inkomishi ephethwe yisizukulwane, isithwathwa esijabulisayo, noma isidudu esinephunga, ukucacile kokuzwakala kwazo kwezindlela zokuzizwa kuyanda njalo ngonyaka.
Ingabe kungani izinyawo zeziyoni zihamba ngemva kokufa?
Lokhu kuyinto yezibalo. Njengoba isilwane sisondele ekufeni, ukugijima kwegazi kwesivamile kuyeka, okwenza izinyawo ziqonde phakathi. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwizinyawo, umzimba uyaba ngokuphezulu, futhi uwehlisa ngokuvamile.
Ingabe kungani izinambuzane zingaphila ngaphandle kwentloko?
Izinambuzane zinezihlathi zezingqimba zezinervi—izigxobo zezinwele zezinervi—ezahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwesigaba somzimba esinakho ukwenza izisebenzi eziyisisekelo zezinervi ezibhekene nezinkambiso, “ngakho ngaphandle kwemfundo, umzimba ungaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokwemisebenzi emincane,” kusho uTipping.
Ingabe izinambuzane zidinga ukulala?
Impendulo emfushane ithi yebo, izinambuzane ziyalala. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezinesistimu yokuziphatha ephakathi, izimiso zazo zidinga isikhathi sokuphumula nokulungiselela. Kodwa hhayi zonke izinambuzane ezilala ngendlela efanayo. Umjikelo wezinambuzane we-circadian – noma umjikelo oqhubekayo wokuvuka nokulala – ushintsha ngokusekelwe ngesikhathi sokudla.
Ubani onegazi eliluhlaza?
Ungakwazi yini ukubona ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezinegazi eliluhlaza? I-lobsters, crabs, pillbugs, shrimp, octopus, crayfish, scallops, barnacles, snails, small worms (ngaphandle kwe-earthworms), clams, squid, slugs, mussels, horseshoe crabs, izinyosi eziningi. Akukho zonke lezi zilwane ezinembali. Ezinye zalezi zilwane ziyi-Mollusks, njengama-snails.