Inkundla emhlophe iyingundla emnyama eyegijima ngemuva kwesikhathi. Njengoba izinkundla ezimnyama zidla izinto ngaphandle kokuphendula, kungakhathaliseki nokuthi izinkundla ezimhlophe ziziceke. Izinkundla ezimhlophe azikwazi ukukhona, ngoba zivukela umthetho wesibili wokushisa.
Ayikho na imbangela yokuthi izinkundla ezimhlophe zingase zikhone?
Impendulo emfushane, ngokunembeza, ayikho. Izinkundla ezimhlophe ziyizinto kuphela abasayensi abazikhumbulele – zingase zikhone, kodwa asikaze sibone eyodwa, noma sibone izimpawu ezinengi ezithi zingase zikhone. Okwamanje, yizo izindlela. Ukuyibeka ngokulula, ungakhumbula inkundla emhlophe njengeyingundla emnyama engemuva.
Kwenziwani uma uya enkundleni emhlophe?
Izinto ezikundleni emhlophe zingaphuma futhi zihlangane nomhlaba wangaphandle, kodwa ngoba akukho lutho olungena, ngakho-ke ingaphakathi iqheke amehlo eminyakeni edlule yomhlaba: Akukho msindo wangaphandle ozokwenza umthelela ngaphakathi.
Yini ekwenza inkundla emhlophe?
Ngakho-ke yini inkundla emhlophe? Izinkundla ezimhlophe zidalwa uma abasayensi bezezwe lika-astrophysics baphothula indawo engaphansi kwamaphuzu amnyama, kodwa baphendulele ukuthi akukho umthwalo ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sezinkinga. Kwenziwa yini uma une-singularity yamaphuzu amnyama engenamthwalo? Izinkundla ezimhlophe ziyizindlela zokubala ezigcwele ezitheorethikali.
Ingabe asingene endaweni emhlophe?
Noma izakhiwo ezimnyama zidla umthamo futhi azivumeli lutho ukuphuma, izakhiwo emhlophe zikhuphula izinhlelo ezinkulu zamandla namandla, azivumeli lutho ukungena ngaphakathi kwazo. Akungabi khona ukungena. Uma iqembu eliphumelelayo lenze isiqondiso sokungena endaweni emhlophe, amandla amakhulu we-gamma rays angeke awachithe kubo nesikebhe sabo.
Yini i-White Hole? (Okuphikisana ne-Black Hole)
Ingabe kungani asiboni izakhiwo emhlophe?
Ama-white hole awakwazi ukuba khona, ngoba ahlanganisa umthetho wesibili we thermodynamics. I-General Relativity isiyona isikhathi esiphikisana. Ayazi ngomthetho wesibili we thermodynamics, futhi ayazi ngendlela yokuthi isizathu nesiphetho sihamba kanjani. Kodwa thina siyazi.
Yini i-GREY hole esikhathini?
U-Q-star, okwaziwa njenge-grey hole, uhlobo olwaziwayo lweqembu elincane, elinamandla okungakhephula umthamo olunezimo zomzimba. Inhlobo enjalo yezinkanyezi ingaba ncamashi kunesilinganiso seSchwarzschild radius yezinkanyezi zokudala futhi inamandla okungakhephula umthamo angaphansi kakhulu ukuthi ukukhanya okwengeziwe, kodwa hhayi ukukhanya konke, akwazi ukuphuma.
Ingabe yavela endaweni emhlophe iyunivesi?
I-Big Bang yayiyisimo esingangqamuzana se-Big Bounce lapho iyunivesi ebonakalayo ibe nesilinganiso esincane, esingaphakeme. Iphepha le-2012 libeka ukuthi i-Big Bang yona ngokwalo yindlela emhlophe. Kunqumele ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ukuphuma kwendaweni emhlophe, okwakhiwa ngokuthi yi-“Small Bang”, kuyenzeka ngokuzenzakalela—konke umthamo kuchithwe ngesinyathelo esisodwa.
Ingabe yilizwe lihleli endaweni evuthayo?
Ukuphuma okukhulu ngakho kufana nokuthi “indlebe evuthayo”: inguqulo yamaxesha esiphuthumayo yendaweni emnyama. Ngenxa yobuqaphelakubo obujwayelekile bamandla omkhathi, amahhole amhlophe akufanele akhona, ngoba awakwazi ukudalwa ngokufanayo (nguqulo yamaxesha esiphuthumayo) nokuthi amahhole amnyama awakwazi ukuchithwa.
Yini indawo ebomvu?
Amahhole abomvu, njengalokhu kubizwa ngawo, anezibalo ezivumelana kodwa azilingani. Amancane angaba ngokushesha futhi angaba ngokunzima kunokuba yizinkanyezi zezitrone; amahhole amakhulu abomvu angahlala phakathi kwama-AGN. Umhlobiso wehole ebomvu uhlala kahle kakhulu kumamodeli we-AGN kunokuba yindlebe emnyama.
Kwenzakalani uma indawo emnyama ithutha indawo evuthayo?
Indawo emnyama yilokhu engakaphumuli lutho, kuphela ukungena. Indlebe evuthayo yilokhu engakavumeli lutho, kuphela ukuphuma kusuka kuyo. Ngakho-ke, uma ezimbili zizoshayana, indlebe evuthayo ingena endaweni emnyama, ibe yingxenye yayo kusuka enkulumweni yangaphandle.
Yini indawo emnyama ekufutshane neSonto?
Le ndawo emnyama edormant inezinhlamvu ezingu-10 ngaphezulu kunomhlaba kanye ne-1,600 amakhilomitha angokukhanya kude nesitayela sase-Ophiuchus, okwenza kube yisikhathi esithathu esiseduze neSonto kunaleyo edlulela ngaphambili.
Yini engaphakathi kwendawo emhlophe?
Indawo emhlophe yindlela yokubuyela emuva kwendawo emnyama – indawo yezikhathi-nokuzimela lapho imfuyo ivela ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi iqhuma ngaphandle, kunokuba ishiyeke futhi idlule njengendawo emnyama. Izindawo emhlophe ziyisiphambano sezindawo emnyama, ngokuthi zikhuphule ukukhanya nokudla, kunokungena kuzo.
Ingabe abantu bangaphila kwendawo emhlophe?
Ingabe abantu bangaphila kwendawo emhlophe? Ngeke ukhohlwe, ngabe sewafa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi lokhu kwenzeka, uma kwenzeka. Kodwa, mhawu, okungenani izinhlayiya zakho ezishibhile zizothola indlela yazo yangaphandle emhlabeni ukuze zibe into entsha.
Ingabe izindawo emhlophe zingabhubhisa izindawo emnyama?
Indawo emnyama yindlela lapho akukho lutho oluphuma kuyo, kuphela ukungena. Indawo emhlophe yindlela lapho akukho lutho olungena kuyo, kuphela ukuphuma kuyo. Ngakho, uma ezimbili zingahlangana, indawo emhlophe ingena endaweni emnyama, ibe yingxenye yayo kusukela ngaphandle.
Ingabe sisehlobo lendawo emnyama?
Ulimi lwethu lubonakala luthuthukela phambili futhi lufudumele, lavela iminyaka engu-13.8 yezigidi edlule kuhlelo olushisayo lweBig Bang. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi lokho esikubonayo siphakathi kwelimi lwethu kuphela umphumela wokuba siphakathi kwendawo emnyama eyenziwe yilimi oluyisisekelo.
Yini eyenzeka lapho umlilo omnyama ufa?
Njengoba amalilo amnyama aqothulwa, ahlala abancane futhi abancane kanye nezikhova zabo zokufika zisondelene nezinsimbi eziphakemeyo. Ekugcineni kweminyaka yempilo yamalilo amnyama, ukunyakaza kwezintaba kuyanda kakhulu, futhi amalilo amnyama angena kancane kakhulu, ukuthi silinganise ngokugcwele ngokwazi kwethu okwamanje.
Izinqamuleli zikhona na?
Izinqamuleli zingamakhono okuphelela isikhathi, ethandwa ngababhali bezifundo zezingane kanye nabadlali befilimu. Ake kwabonwa, kodwa ngokusho kwe-theori ephindwe kabili ya-Einstein, zingakhothama.
Yini umlilo omhlophe emkhathini?
Lesi sithombe esingemabala amanga, esithathwe yi-Chandra X-Ray Observatory ngo-2012, sibonisa ukuphuma okungaphezu kwesilinganiso esivela kumnyama – lapho ukukhanya kwalo kwe-X-ray kwanda okungenani 3,000 izikhathi – endaweni ye-galaxi ye-M83. U-Chandra ubonile okuthiwa yi-ULX, noma umthombo we-X-ray ongakhanya kakhulu.